Microplastics (MP, <1 mm) are ubiquitous contaminants, widespread in cities, agroecosystems, and even remote regions. Major environmental inputs are related to urban sources such as tire wear and microfibre shredding or resulting from runoff, soil erosion and long-range atmospheric transport. Soil can act as a major sink for these anthropogenic particles, which are persistent and easily interact with organisms, potentially affecting soil biodiversity. However, knowledge about MP effects on soil fauna remains limited, with several studies focusing on pristine MP and tested at high concentrations, thus not representing real exposure scenarios. Within this PhD thesis, the occurrence of MP derived from urban sources in soil and their effects on key microarthropod groups were investigated to fill existing knowledge gaps. Soil microarthropods were considered as they are indicators of soil quality and have pivotal roles in ecosystem functioning and nutrient cycling. Field monitoring activities were carried out in urban settings (in Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy), using an improved thermo-oxidative and oil-separation protocol to extract MP from the soil matrix. Extensive degradation of interlocking plastic grids used for driveways and parking lots, was disclosed for the first time as a neglected yet important local MP source. MP originated from weathered interlocking pavement grids were characterized using multiple techniques. Standardised ecotoxicity tests were carried out to investigate short-term (behavioural alterations at 48 h) and chronic effects (mortality at 28-35 d) of these MP (at concentrations up to 1000 mg/kg) in soil microarthropods, such as collembola (Parisotoma notabilis, Onychiurus sp., Ceratophysella denticulata), mites (Scheloribates sp.) and isopods (Trichorhina tomentosa). To this aim, specimens representative of Italian soil biodiversity were laboratory reared, and test conditions adapted to their life cycle. In addition, the model organism Folsomia candida (Collembola) was considered to evaluate species sensitivity to MP. Behaviour (i.e., avoidance rates) of F. candida in response to MP from weathered plastic grids was further explored in combination to tire wear particles as relevant urban-derived MP. A pilot long-term and multi-group experiment (35 d) was eventually carried out with different microarthropod taxa (collembola, mites, isopods) to consider species interactions in MP exposure. A green- and time-efficient protocol to isolate MP from soil was implemented from the ones reported in the literature, allowing for particle characterization without compromising their integrity. Its application to soil samples from a parking lot area in Reggio Emilia showed the occurrence of MP (from 10 to 361 mg/kg) from degraded interlocking grids, which corresponded to high-density polyethylene irregular fragments (size of 271 ± 183 µm). These environmentally relevant MP affected both behaviour and survival of soil microarthropods. MP led to a significant increase in avoidance rate of all taxa, reaching 53 ± 17% in P. notabilis, opposed to 34 ± 13% in F. candida at 1000 mg/kg. Upon chronic exposure, a concentration-dependent increase in mortality was observed for both Collembola, up to 92.2 ± 4.4% in P. notabilis. Regarding F. candida, co-exposure to MP from interlocking grid and tire wear particles showed a potential additive effect, suggesting that combined sources of MP may enhance their overall impact on soil fauna. Findings achieved withing this PhD project contribute to a deeper understanding of the risks posed by MP in terrestrial ecosystems. Future development of the multi-species approach can provide thorough information about inter-species relationships to investigate the impacts of MP on soil communities.

Le microplastiche (MP, <1 mm) sono contaminanti ubiquitari, presenti in suoli urbani, agricoli e persino in ambienti remoti. Le principali vie di contaminazione in ambiente sono costituite da fonti urbane, quali abrasione degli pneumatici e rilascio di microfibre, e da ruscellamento, erosione del suolo e trasporto atmosferico. Il suolo rappresenta un importante serbatoio per queste particelle antropogeniche, persistenti e capaci di interagire con gli organismi, con potenziali effetti negativi sulla biodiversità edafica. Tuttavia, le conoscenze sugli effetti delle MP sulla fauna del suolo sono limitate, poiché molti studi si concentrano su MP modello e su concentrazioni non rappresentative delle reali condizioni ambientali. In questa tesi di dottorato sono stati indagati sia la presenza nel suolo di MP di origine urbana, sia gli effetti su microartropodi chiave, indicatori della qualità del suolo e del funzionamento ecosistemico. Per il monitoraggio in campo, condotto in aree urbane di Modena e Reggio Emilia (Italia), è stato impiegato un protocollo di estrazione termo-ossidativa e separazione in olio per isolare le MP dalla matrice del suolo. Questo ha permesso di identificare per la prima volta il rilascio di MP da griglie autobloccanti utilizzate nei parcheggi, come rilevante fonte locale di MP finora non documentata. Le MP derivanti da tale degradazione sono state caratterizzate mediante diverse tecniche analitiche. Per valutare gli effetti a breve termine (alterazioni comportamentali a 48 ore) e cronici (mortalità a 28–35 giorni) di queste MP, testate fino a 1000 mg/kg, sono stati condotti test ecotossicologici su collemboli (Parisotoma notabilis, Onychiurus sp., Ceratophysella denticulata), acari (Scheloribates sp.) e isopodi (Trichorhina tomentosa). Esemplari rappresentativi della biodiversità dei suoli italiani sono stati allevati in laboratorio, adattando le condizioni dei test ai rispettivi cicli vitali. L’organismo modello Folsomia candida è stato inoltre utilizzato per confrontare gli effetti delle MP. Il comportamento di F. candida (tasso di evitamento) in risposta alle MP provenienti dalla degradazione degli autobloccanti è stato studiato anche in combinazione con MP prodotte dall’usura degli pneumatici, rilevante fonte urbana di MP. È stato infine condotto un esperimento pilota a lungo termine multi-gruppo (35 giorni) con collemboli, acari e isopodi per valutare le interazioni tra specie durante l’esposizione. Con le attività in campo, è stato implementato un protocollo green e rapido per isolare le MP dal suolo, senza comprometterne l’integrità. L’applicazione a campioni di un parcheggio di Reggio Emilia ha evidenziato la presenza di MP (10–361 mg/kg) derivanti dalle griglie autobloccanti, corrispondenti a frammenti irregolari micrometrici (271 ± 183 µm) in polietilene ad alta densità. L’esposizione dei microartropodi del suolo a queste MP, ambientalmente rilevanti, ha portato ad un effetto negativo sia sul comportamento sia sulla sopravvivenza. Sono stati infatti osservati un aumento significativo del tasso di evitamento in tutti i taxa, fino al 53 ± 17% in P. notabilis rispetto al 34 ± 13% in F. candida a 1000 mg/kg, e una mortalità crescente con la concentrazione di MP, fino al 92,2 ± 4,4% in P. notabilis, a seguito di esposizione cronica. In F. candida, la co-esposizione a MP da autobloccanti e derivanti dall’usura degli pneumatici evidenzia un potenziale effetto additivo, suggerendo che fonti combinate di MP possano aumentare l’impatto complessivo sulla fauna del suolo. I risultati ottenuti con questo progetto di dottorato approfondiscono i rischi posti dalle MP negli ecosistemi terrestri e pongono le basi per futuri studi volti a chiarire le relazioni interspecifiche e gli impatti delle MP sulle comunità edafiche.

Microplastiche da fonti urbane negli ecosistemi terrestri: presenza ed effetti su microartropodi rappresentativi della biodiversità del suolo / Marco Scaramelli , 2026 Apr 20. 38. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2024/2025.

Microplastiche da fonti urbane negli ecosistemi terrestri: presenza ed effetti su microartropodi rappresentativi della biodiversità del suolo

SCARAMELLI, MARCO
2026

Abstract

Microplastics (MP, <1 mm) are ubiquitous contaminants, widespread in cities, agroecosystems, and even remote regions. Major environmental inputs are related to urban sources such as tire wear and microfibre shredding or resulting from runoff, soil erosion and long-range atmospheric transport. Soil can act as a major sink for these anthropogenic particles, which are persistent and easily interact with organisms, potentially affecting soil biodiversity. However, knowledge about MP effects on soil fauna remains limited, with several studies focusing on pristine MP and tested at high concentrations, thus not representing real exposure scenarios. Within this PhD thesis, the occurrence of MP derived from urban sources in soil and their effects on key microarthropod groups were investigated to fill existing knowledge gaps. Soil microarthropods were considered as they are indicators of soil quality and have pivotal roles in ecosystem functioning and nutrient cycling. Field monitoring activities were carried out in urban settings (in Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy), using an improved thermo-oxidative and oil-separation protocol to extract MP from the soil matrix. Extensive degradation of interlocking plastic grids used for driveways and parking lots, was disclosed for the first time as a neglected yet important local MP source. MP originated from weathered interlocking pavement grids were characterized using multiple techniques. Standardised ecotoxicity tests were carried out to investigate short-term (behavioural alterations at 48 h) and chronic effects (mortality at 28-35 d) of these MP (at concentrations up to 1000 mg/kg) in soil microarthropods, such as collembola (Parisotoma notabilis, Onychiurus sp., Ceratophysella denticulata), mites (Scheloribates sp.) and isopods (Trichorhina tomentosa). To this aim, specimens representative of Italian soil biodiversity were laboratory reared, and test conditions adapted to their life cycle. In addition, the model organism Folsomia candida (Collembola) was considered to evaluate species sensitivity to MP. Behaviour (i.e., avoidance rates) of F. candida in response to MP from weathered plastic grids was further explored in combination to tire wear particles as relevant urban-derived MP. A pilot long-term and multi-group experiment (35 d) was eventually carried out with different microarthropod taxa (collembola, mites, isopods) to consider species interactions in MP exposure. A green- and time-efficient protocol to isolate MP from soil was implemented from the ones reported in the literature, allowing for particle characterization without compromising their integrity. Its application to soil samples from a parking lot area in Reggio Emilia showed the occurrence of MP (from 10 to 361 mg/kg) from degraded interlocking grids, which corresponded to high-density polyethylene irregular fragments (size of 271 ± 183 µm). These environmentally relevant MP affected both behaviour and survival of soil microarthropods. MP led to a significant increase in avoidance rate of all taxa, reaching 53 ± 17% in P. notabilis, opposed to 34 ± 13% in F. candida at 1000 mg/kg. Upon chronic exposure, a concentration-dependent increase in mortality was observed for both Collembola, up to 92.2 ± 4.4% in P. notabilis. Regarding F. candida, co-exposure to MP from interlocking grid and tire wear particles showed a potential additive effect, suggesting that combined sources of MP may enhance their overall impact on soil fauna. Findings achieved withing this PhD project contribute to a deeper understanding of the risks posed by MP in terrestrial ecosystems. Future development of the multi-species approach can provide thorough information about inter-species relationships to investigate the impacts of MP on soil communities.
Microplastics from urban sources in terrestrial ecosystems: occurrence and effects on microarthropods representative of soil biodiversity
20-apr-2026
BERGAMI, Elisa
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