The automotive sector faces increasing pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with road transportation contributing approximately 12% of global emissions. In this context, the global community is exploring various technological solutions, including electric mobility, hybridization, and the recently approved synthetic fuels. However, hydrogen mobility remains a desirable option, as hydrogen is an energy carrier able to completely eliminate CO2 emissions. Many OEMs are investing efforts in hydrogen technology, drawing insights from research institutions and motorsports, which have often been at the forefront of innovation and new technologies. The many challenges posed by the use of hydrogen as a fuel for Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) can be addressed by a proper mix of dedicated experimental insights and high-fidelity numerical simulations. While Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has proven to be a cost-effective approach for addressing engineering challenges, supporting the development and advancement of vehicle mobility and transportation, there are still challenges which need to be faced to ensure the accuracy of CFD results. In particular, there is a growing interest in replacing Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) with Large Eddy Simulation (LES) to increase the accuracy of hydrogen/air mixture formation simulations. In this work, a comprehensive setup for the simulation of mixture formation in hydrogen ICEs using a combination of state-of-the-art models and specifically targeting the optically accessible SOpHy engine is extensively developed. CFD results are compared with experimental data using both URANS and multi-cycle LES. In particular, it is proposed a dedicated approach for the turbulent Schmidt number (SCt) and introduced several modelling enhancements aimed at improving the accuracy of results while keeping reasonable runtimes, especially for LES. Moreover, as the nature of this industrial PhD, the link with the industrial field makes a strict relation with the transportation sector needs, pushing toward the development of synthetic fuels (e-fuels), a promising technology that can be a quick solution to be used in both existing and new-generation of ICEs to immediately contrast the CO2 emissions. To make these fuels efficient and effective for ICE applications, extensive testing is needed to evaluate the fuel performance and its impact on tailpipe emissions; numerical simulations can provide relevant support to reach the target in a faster and economically feasible way, providing guidelines for the design of e-fuels and their use. An accurate and reliable modelling framework, able to mimic the chemical and physical characteristics of the fuels for a given set of operating conditions, is therefore mandatory to support their development. The definition of a fuel surrogate is crucial to integrate the relevant properties in the 3D-CFD modelling framework. A methodology for the calculation of LFS (Laminar Flame Speed) and IDT (Ignition Delay Time) of different fuels is developed and applied to compare the characteristics of two different POSYN fuels with a conventional RON 98 gasoline by using 0D/1D detailed chemical kinetics simulations. The methodology relies on a proper definition of the composition of a six-component fuel surrogate (OxPIONA) and on the critical selection of a suitable chemical kinetics mechanism, species and chemical pathways involved, and feasible in terms of computational resources. The methodology is applied to calculate IDTs and LFSs on a wide set of engine-relevant conditions allowing to compare the fuels’ behavior in terms of expected flame propagation and knock tendency, paving the way for further detailed 1D and 3D-CFD studies.

Il settore automobilistico è sottoposto a crescenti pressioni per ridurre le emissioni di gas serra, considerando che il trasporto su strada contribuisce per circa il 12% alle emissioni globali. In questo contesto, la comunità globale sta esplorando diverse soluzioni tecnologiche, tra cui la mobilità elettrica, l'ibridazione e i combustibili sintetici. Tuttavia, la mobilità mediante utilizzo di idrogeno rimane un’opzione auspicabile, poiché l’idrogeno, vettore energetico, è in grado di eliminare completamente le emissioni di CO2. Molte aziende, stanno investendo nella tecnologia dell'idrogeno, traendo spunti da istituti di ricerca e applicazioni per il motorsport, ove quest’ultimi, negli anni si sono posti spesso all'avanguardia nell'innovazione e nuove tecnologie. Le numerose sfide poste dall'uso dell'idrogeno come combustibile per i motori a combustione interna possono essere affrontate mediante un'adeguata combinazione di approfondimenti sperimentali dedicati e simulazioni numeriche fedeli. Sebbene la fluidodinamica computazionale (CFD) abbia dimostrato di essere un approccio economicamente vantaggioso per affrontare le sfide ingegneristiche, e nel supportare il progresso del settore mobilità e trasporti, ci sono ancora sfide da affrontare per garantire l’accuratezza dei risultati della CFD. In particolare, vi è un crescente interesse nel sostituire l'Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) con la Large Eddy Simulation (LES) per aumentare la precisione modellistica della miscela idrogeno/aria nel motore. In questo lavoro viene ampiamente sviluppata una configurazione per la simulazione della formazione di tale miscela nei motori a idrogeno utilizzando una combinazione di modelli all'avanguardia e, nello specifico, in riferimento al motore ad accesso ottico SOpHy. I risultati CFD vengono confrontati con i dati sperimentali utilizzando entrabi gli approcci URANS e LES. In particolare, viene proposto un approccio dedicato al numero di Schmidt turbolento (SCt) e introdotti diversi miglioramenti della modellazione per ottimizzare l'accuratezza dei risultati mantenendo tempi di esecuzione ragionevoli. Inoltre, per la natura legata all’industria del settore automotive di questo dottorato industriale, ci si è esposti anche verso lo sviluppo di combustibili sintetici (e-fuel). Questi ultimi rappresentano una tecnologia promettente che può rappresentare una soluzione rapida a contrasto delle emissioni di CO2. Per rendere questi carburanti efficienti ed efficaci per le applicazioni motore, sono necessari test approfonditi per valutarne le prestazioni ed emissioni allo scarico; le simulazioni numeriche possono fornire un supporto rilevante per raggiungere l’obiettivo in modo economico e fattibile, fornendo linee guida per la loro progettazione. Un quadro di modellizzazione accurato e affidabile, in grado di imitare le caratteristiche chimiche e fisiche dei combustibili per un dato insieme di condizioni operative, è quindi imperativo. La definizione di un surrogato del carburante è necessario per integrare le proprietà rilevanti nella modellazione 3D-CFD. Viene ivi sviluppata e applicata una metodologia per il calcolo della velocità di fiamma laminare (LFS) e del tempo di ritardo dell'accensione (IDT) di due diversi e-fuels confrontati ad una benzina RON 98 convenzionale utilizzando simulazioni di cinetica chimica dettagliate 0D/1D. La metodologia si basa su una corretta definizione della composizione del surrogato di combustibile a sei componenti (OxPIONA) e selezione critica di un meccanismo cinetico chimico adatto, mantenendo la fattibilità computazionale. La metodologia viene applicata per calcolare IDT e LFS su un'ampia serie di condizioni rilevanti per il motore, aprendo la strada a ulteriori studi CFD 1D e 3D dettagliati.

Validazione Approfondita di un Approccio di Modellazione CFD per la Miscelazione dell'Idrogeno in RANS/LES e Calcoli di Cinetica Chimica di Combustibili Sintetici per Motori a Combustione Interna / Luca Dalseno , 2026 May 22. 37. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2023/2024.

Validazione Approfondita di un Approccio di Modellazione CFD per la Miscelazione dell'Idrogeno in RANS/LES e Calcoli di Cinetica Chimica di Combustibili Sintetici per Motori a Combustione Interna

DALSENO, LUCA
2026

Abstract

The automotive sector faces increasing pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with road transportation contributing approximately 12% of global emissions. In this context, the global community is exploring various technological solutions, including electric mobility, hybridization, and the recently approved synthetic fuels. However, hydrogen mobility remains a desirable option, as hydrogen is an energy carrier able to completely eliminate CO2 emissions. Many OEMs are investing efforts in hydrogen technology, drawing insights from research institutions and motorsports, which have often been at the forefront of innovation and new technologies. The many challenges posed by the use of hydrogen as a fuel for Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) can be addressed by a proper mix of dedicated experimental insights and high-fidelity numerical simulations. While Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has proven to be a cost-effective approach for addressing engineering challenges, supporting the development and advancement of vehicle mobility and transportation, there are still challenges which need to be faced to ensure the accuracy of CFD results. In particular, there is a growing interest in replacing Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) with Large Eddy Simulation (LES) to increase the accuracy of hydrogen/air mixture formation simulations. In this work, a comprehensive setup for the simulation of mixture formation in hydrogen ICEs using a combination of state-of-the-art models and specifically targeting the optically accessible SOpHy engine is extensively developed. CFD results are compared with experimental data using both URANS and multi-cycle LES. In particular, it is proposed a dedicated approach for the turbulent Schmidt number (SCt) and introduced several modelling enhancements aimed at improving the accuracy of results while keeping reasonable runtimes, especially for LES. Moreover, as the nature of this industrial PhD, the link with the industrial field makes a strict relation with the transportation sector needs, pushing toward the development of synthetic fuels (e-fuels), a promising technology that can be a quick solution to be used in both existing and new-generation of ICEs to immediately contrast the CO2 emissions. To make these fuels efficient and effective for ICE applications, extensive testing is needed to evaluate the fuel performance and its impact on tailpipe emissions; numerical simulations can provide relevant support to reach the target in a faster and economically feasible way, providing guidelines for the design of e-fuels and their use. An accurate and reliable modelling framework, able to mimic the chemical and physical characteristics of the fuels for a given set of operating conditions, is therefore mandatory to support their development. The definition of a fuel surrogate is crucial to integrate the relevant properties in the 3D-CFD modelling framework. A methodology for the calculation of LFS (Laminar Flame Speed) and IDT (Ignition Delay Time) of different fuels is developed and applied to compare the characteristics of two different POSYN fuels with a conventional RON 98 gasoline by using 0D/1D detailed chemical kinetics simulations. The methodology relies on a proper definition of the composition of a six-component fuel surrogate (OxPIONA) and on the critical selection of a suitable chemical kinetics mechanism, species and chemical pathways involved, and feasible in terms of computational resources. The methodology is applied to calculate IDTs and LFSs on a wide set of engine-relevant conditions allowing to compare the fuels’ behavior in terms of expected flame propagation and knock tendency, paving the way for further detailed 1D and 3D-CFD studies.
Thorough Validation of a CFD Modelling Approach for Hydrogen Mixing in RANS/LES and Synthetic Fuels Chemical Kinetics Calculations for Internal Combustion Engines
22-mag-2026
FONTANESI, Stefano
BERNI, FABIO
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11380/1410348
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