Management of Neuropathic Pain in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review

Objective: Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a complex and multifaceted condition in which pain may be neuropathic, nociplastic, nociceptive, or mixed in nature. This review aims to summarize the available pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies for managing neuropathic pain in CRPS Types I and II. Methods: Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched for randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, case series, and case reports addressing the management of CRPS, with a focus on neuropathic pain. Studies were analyzed from the perspective of pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches, with attention to differences between CRPS Type I and II. Results: Gabapentin (Level 1 evidence) and physiotherapy (Level 2 evidence) showed the strongest support among the treatments reviewed. Evidence remains limited or inconsistent for other pharmacological options (e.g., anticonvulsants other than gabapentin, opioids, antidepressants, ketamine, botulinum toxin) and for non-pharmacological interventions (e.g., mirror therapy, spinal cord stimulation, acupuncture). No significant differences in treatment efficacy were identified between CRPS Type I and II. Conclusion: Given the complex and heterogeneous nature of CRPS, a multimodal, individualized treatment approach is recommended. Further well-structured studies are needed to strengthen the evidence base for the management of neuropathic pain in CRPS.